Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Volume 1, Issue 6 , Pages 575-582 , December 2007

Cardiovascular disease in obesity: A review of related risk factors and risk-reduction strategies

  • Louis J. Aronne, MD

      Affiliations

    • Weill-Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
    • The Comprehensive Weight Control Program, 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY 10028
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
  • ,
  • W. Virgil Brown, MD

      Affiliations

    • Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA
  • ,
  • Kathy Keenan Isoldi, MS, RD, CDE

      Affiliations

    • The Comprehensive Weight Control Program, 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY 10028

Received 10 October 2007 ,Accepted 12 October 2007.

References 

  1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007;115:e69–e171
  2. Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IC, Wang G. National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who’s paying?. Health Aff (Millwood). 2003;(Suppl Web Exclusives):W3-219–W3-226
  3. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–1555
  4. Bray GA. Medical consequences of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2583–2589
  5. Stein CJ, Colditz GA. The epidemic of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2522–2525
  6. Puhl R, Brownell KD. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obes Res. 2001;9:788–805
  7. Jolliffe D. Extent of overweight among US children and adolescents from 1971 to 2000. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:4–9
  8. Daniels SR. The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity. Future Child. 2006;16:47–67
  9. McMahan CA, Gidding SS, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP, McGill HC. Pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth risk scores are associated with early and advanced atherosclerosis. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1447–1455
  10. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1138–1145
  11. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Foundation Commits $500 Million to Reverse Childhood Obesity. http://www.rwjf.org/newsroom/feature.jsp?id=20920&typeid=151Available at: Accessed May 25, 2007
  12. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA. 2003;289:187–193
  13. Koba S, Hirano T, Kondo T, et al. Significance of small dense low-density lipoproteins and other risk factors in patients with various types of coronary heart disease. Am Heart J. 2002;144:1026–1035
  14. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1867–1872
  15. Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:3A–6A
  16. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:347–355
  17. Dhurandhar NV. Infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin. J Nutr. 2001;131:2794S–2797S
  18. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB. Diabesity: an inflammatory metabolic condition. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41:1120–1130
  19. Korner J, Aronne LJ. The emerging science of body weight regulation and its impact on obesity treatment. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:565–570
  20. Goldstein BJ, Scalia R. Adiponectin: a novel adipokine linking adipocytes and vascular function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2563–2568
  21. Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, et al. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obes Res. 2004;12:962–971
  22. Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A. Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:201–229
  23. Golay A, Ybarra J. Link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;19:649–663
  24. Wassink AM, Olijhoek JK, Visseren FL. The metabolic syndrome: metabolic changes with vascular consequences. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007;37:8–17
  25. Eckel RH, Kahn R, Robertson RM, Rizza RA. Preventing cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a call to action from the American Diabetes Association and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2006;113:2943–2946
  26. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  27. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:8–13
  28. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–2752
  29. Misra A, Vikram NK. Clinical and pathophysiological consequences of abdominal adiposity and abdominal adipose tissue depots. Nutrition. 2003;19:457–466
  30. Despres JP, Lemieux I, Prud’homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ. 2001;322:716–720
  31. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; 2000. Available at: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity. Accessed May 10, 2007.
  32. Hofbauer KG, Nicholson JR, Boss O. The obesity epidemic: current and future pharmacological treatments. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:565–592
  33. Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et al. Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:532–546
  34. Korner J, Aronne LJ. Pharmacological approaches to weight reduction: therapeutic targets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2616–2621
  35. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. : Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403
  36. Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, et al. Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2111–2120
  37. DeMaria EJ. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2176–2183
  38. Kyrou I, Valsamakis G, Tsigos C. The endocannabinoid system as a target for the treatment of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1083:270–305
  39. Engeli S, Böhnke J, Feldpausch M, et al. Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity. Diabetes. 2005;54:2838–2843
  40. Henness S, Robinson DM, Lyseng-Williamson KA. Rimonabant. Drugs. 2006;66:2109–2119discussion 2120–2121
  41. Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Devin J, Rosenstock J. Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients, Rio-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295:761–775
  42. Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rossner S. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet. 2005;365:1389–1397
  43. Despres JP, Golay A, Sjostrom L. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2121–2134
  44. Scheen AJ, Finer N, Hollander P, Jensen MD, Van Gaal LF. Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study. Lancet. 2006;368:1660–1672

PII: S1933-2874(07)00287-5

doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2007.10.005

Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Volume 1, Issue 6 , Pages 575-582 , December 2007