Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Volume 4, Issue 3 , Pages 173-180 , May 2010

Attainment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals in coronary artery disease

Presented at American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Orlando, FL; November 17, 2009.

  • Amy B. Kauffman, PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Pharmacy Department, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 16601 E. Centretech Parkway, Aurora, CO 80011, USA and University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
  • ,
  • Kari L. Olson, BSc(Pharm), PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Pharmacy Department, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 16601 E. Centretech Parkway, Aurora, CO 80011, USA and University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, USA
  • ,
  • Morgan L. Youngblood, PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Pharmacy Department, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
  • ,
  • Emily B. Zadvorny, PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Pharmacy Department, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 16601 E. Centretech Parkway, Aurora, CO 80011, USA and University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, USA
  • ,
  • Thomas Delate, PhD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Pharmacy Department, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, 16601 E. Centretech Parkway, Aurora, CO 80011, USA and University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, USA
  • ,
  • John A. Merenich, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente Colorado and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
  • ,
  • Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service Study Group

Received 24 February 2010 ,Accepted 5 March 2010.

References 

  1. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278
  2. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389
  3. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001–1009
  4. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
  5. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–1357
  6. Allen Maycock CA, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, et al. Statin therapy is associated with reduced mortality across all age groups of individuals with significant coronary disease, including very elderly patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1777–1785
  7. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  8. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495–1504
  9. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425–1435
  10. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1307–1316
  11. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071–1080
  12. Koren MJ, Hunninghake DB. Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1772–1779
  13. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227–239
  14. Afonso NM, Nassif G, Aranha AN, Delor B, Cardozo LJ. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment among high-risk patients: Does a combined intervention targeting patients and providers work?. Am J Manage Care. 2006;12:589–594
  15. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21–181
  16. Kennedy AG, MacLean CD, Littenberg B, Ades PA, Pinckney RG. The challenge of achieving national cholesterol goals in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1029–1034
  17. Ghandehari H, Kamal-Bahl S, Wong ND. Prevalence and extent of dyslipidemia and recommended lipid levels in US adults with and without cardiovascular comorbidities: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Am Heart J. 2008;156:112–119
  18. sheikh-Ali AA, Lin JL, Abourjaily P, Ahearn D, Kuvin JT, Karas RH. Extent to which accepted serum lipid goals are achieved in a contemporary general medical population with coronary heart disease risk equivalents. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1231–1233
  19. Kontos MC, Joyner SE, Roberts CS, et al. Implication of the new low-density lipoprotein goals in dyslipidemia management of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:551–555
  20. Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, et al. Contemporary management of dyslipidemia in high-risk patients: targets still not met. Am J Med. 2006;119:676–683
  21. Sueta CA, Chowdhury M, Boccuzzi SJ, et al. Analysis of the degree of undertreatment of hyperlipidemia and congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:1303–1307
  22. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:459–467
  23. Keevil JG, Cullen MW, Gangnon R, McBride PE, Stein JH. Implications of cardiac risk and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol distributions in the United States for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2002. Circulation. 2007;115:1363–1370
  24. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Pearson TA, et al. Results of the National Cholesterol Education (NCEP) Program Evaluation ProjecT Utilizing Novel E-Technology (NEPTUNE) II survey and implications for treatment under the recent NCEP Writing Group recommendations. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:556–563
  25. Nag SS, Daniel GW, Bullano MF, et al. LDL-C goal attainment among patients newly diagnosed with coronary heart disease or diabetes in a commercial HMO. J Manage Care Pharm. 2007;13:652–663
  26. Kotseva K, Wood D, De BG, De BD, Pyorala K, Keil U. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet. 2009;373:929–940
  27. Olson KL, Rasmussen J, Sandhoff BG, Merenich JA. Lipid management in patients with coronary artery disease by a clinical pharmacy service in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:49–54
  28. Sandhoff BG, Nies LK, Olson KL, Nash JD, Rasmussen JR, Merenich JA. Clinical pharmacy cardiac risk service for managing patients with coronary artery disease in a health maintenance organization. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:77–84
  29. Holsclaw SL, Olson KL, Hornak R, Denham AM. Assessment of patient satisfaction with telephone and mail interventions provided by a clinical pharmacy cardiac risk reduction service. J Manage Care Pharm. 2005;11:403–409
  30. Von KM, Wagner EH, Saunders K. A chronic disease score from automated pharmacy data. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:197–203
  31. Waters DD, Brotons C, Chiang CW, et al. Lipid treatment assessment project 2: a multinational survey to evaluate the proportion of patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Circulation. 2009;120:28–34
  32. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial−Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149–1158
  33. Merenich JA, Olson KL, Delate T, Rasmussen J, Helling DK, Ward DG. Mortality reduction benefits of a comprehensive cardiac care program for patients with occlusive coronary artery disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1370–1378
  34. Laforest L, Moulin P, Souchet T, et al. Correlates of LDL-cholesterol goal attainment in patients under lipid lowering therapy. Atherosclerosis. 2008;199:368–377
  35. Nohria A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. Gender differences in mortality after myocardial infarction. Why women fare worse than men. Cardiol Clin. 1998;16:45–57
  36. Mosca L, Merz NB, Blumenthal RS, et al. Opportunity for intervention to achieve American Heart Association guidelines for optimal lipid levels in high-risk women in a managed care setting. Circulation. 2005;111:488–493
  37. Pilote L, Dasgupta K, Guru V, et al. A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease. CMAJ. 2007;176:S1–44
  38. Harrold LR, Lessard D, Yarzebski J, Gurwitz JH, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Age and sex differences in the treatment of patients with initial acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Cardiology. 2003;99:39–46
  39. Cooke CE, Hammerash WJ. Retrospective review of sex differences in the management of dyslipidemia in coronary heart disease: an analysis of patient data from a Maryland-based health maintenance organization. Clin Ther. 2006;28:591–599
  40. Vaccarino V. Angina and cardiac care: are there gender differences, and if so, why?. Circulation. 2006;113:467–469
  41. McLaughlin T, Allison G, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Prevalence of insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors among normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. Metabolism. 2004;53:495–499
  42. Pashos CL. Defining outcomes in older patients with cardiovascular disease. Drugs Aging. 1997;10:243–248
  43. Udvarhelyi IS, Gatsonis C, Epstein AM, Pashos CL, Newhouse JP, McNeil BJ. Acute myocardial infarction in the Medicare population. Process of care and clinical outcomes. JAMA. 1992;268:2530–2536
  44. McConnell KJ, Olson KL, Delate T, Merenich JA. Factors associated with recurrent coronary events among patients with cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:906–913
  45. McGinnis B, Olson KL, Magid D, et al. Factors related to adherence to statin therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:1805–1811

PII: S1933-2874(10)00101-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.03.002

Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Volume 4, Issue 3 , Pages 173-180 , May 2010