« Previous
Next »
Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Volume 4, Issue 4
, Pages 248-258
, July 2010
Role of dietary supplements in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A review
References
- . Cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529:310–320
- . By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?. BMJ. 1994;308:367–372
- Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
- . Overview of Dietary Supplements. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ConsumerInformation/ucm110417.htm#whatAccessed July 7, 2010
- . Recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:281–286
- . Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2008;1–23
- Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:412–419
- . Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1897–1904
- Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:370–376
- . Dietary fiber: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986;81:907–919
- Nutriceuticals and functional foods for cholesterol reduction. In: Ballantyne CM editors. Clinical lipidology: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009;
- . Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:30–42
- . Rye bread decreases serum total and LDL cholesterol in men with moderately elevated serum cholesterol. J Nutr. 2000;130:164–170
- . Satiation, satiety and the action of fibre on food intake. Int J Obes. 1987;11:9–25
- The effect of diet on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 1988;88:1373–1400
- Oat products and lipid lowering. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1992;267:3317–3325
- . Effect of short-term ingestion of konjac glucomannan on serum cholesterol in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61:585–589
- Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:472–479
- . Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1161–1166
- . Efficacy and safety of sitosterol in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2005;23:57–70
- In: Pollak OJ, Kritchevsky D editor. Sitosterol Monographs Atherosclerosis. Vol. 10:Basel: Karger; 1981;
- European Commission. General view of the scientific committee on food on the long term effects of the intake of elevated levels of phytosterols from multiple dietary sources. Scientific committee on food. Brussels, Belgium; 2002. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out143_en.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2010.
- . Sterol composition of 19 vegetable oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1973;50:122–125
- . Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability, and nutritional value of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:7698–7702
- . Plant sterols as dietary adjuvants in the reduction of cardiovascular risk: theory and evidence. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2:157–162
- . Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. J Lipid Res. 2000;41:697–705
- . Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Dis. 2004;3:5
- . Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:715–725
- . Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:404–409
- . Plant stanol and sterol esters in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Ann Med. 2004;36:126–134
- Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans. J Nutr. 2007;137:1301–1306
- Talati R, Sobieraj DM, Makanji SS, Phung OJ, Coleman CI. The comparative efficacy of plant sterols and stanols on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Diet Assoc;110:719–726.
- . Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1308–1312
- . Plant stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr. 2000;130:767–776
- Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Nutr. 2001;86:233–239
- Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20:307–319
- . Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1272–1278
- . Plant sterol-fortified orange juice effectively lowers cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:e25–e28
- . Effect of plant stanol tablets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in patients on statin drugs. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:376–379
- Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake. J Nutr. 2009;139:271–284
- . Noncholesterol sterols and cholesterol lowering by long-term simvastatin treatment in coronary patients: relation to basal serum cholestanol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1340–1346
- . Cholesterol malabsorption caused by sitostanol ester feeding and neomycin in pravastatin-treated hypercholesterolaemic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;47:169–176
- . Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation. 1997;96:4226–4231
- . Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spread. Atherosclerosis. 2001;156:329–337
- . Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:737–740
- Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cereal. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:503–509
- The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:287–331
- . Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. A newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters. J Clin Invest. 1974;53:1033–1043
- Two genes that map to the STSL locus cause sitosterolemia: genomic structure and spectrum of mutations involving sterolin-1 and sterolin-2, encoded by ABCG5 and ABCG8, respectively. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69:278–290
- . Sitosterolemia. J Lipid Res. 1992;33:945–955
- . Response of obligate heterozygotes for phytosterolemia to a low-fat diet and to a plant sterol ester dietary challenge. J Lipid Res. 2003;44:1143–1155
- No association between plasma levels of plant sterols and atherosclerosis in mice and men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:2326–2332
- . Plant sterols in serum and in atherosclerotic plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1794–1801
- . High dietary intake of phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant sterol levels with no additional cholesterol lowering. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:1493–1499
- . An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:79–86
- . Some epidemiologic aspects of coronary artery disease. J Chronic Dis. 1957;6:210–228
- . Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;113:1034–1044
- . Ueber die Wirkung der tiershen Einwesses auf der Aorta. Virchow's Arch Pathol Anat. 1909;198:248
- . Soybean-protein diet in the treatment of type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Lancet. 1977;1:275–277
- . Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Fed Proc. 1982;41:2792–2796
- . Review of clinical studies on cholesterol-lowering response to soy protein. J Am Diet Assoc. 1991;91:820–827
- . Biological effects of isoflavones in young women: importance of the chemical composition of soyabean products. Br J Nutr. 1995;74:587–601
- . A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2070–2076
- Soy protein peptides regulate cholesterol homeostasis in Hep G2 cells. J Nutr. 2000;130:2543–2549
- . Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:940–946
- . Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:276–282
- . Systematic review, meta-analysis and regression of randomised controlled trials reporting an association between an intake of circa 25 g soya protein per day and blood cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 2008;200:13–27
- . A meta-analysis of the effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipids. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:633–640
- Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;294:2455–2464
- . Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians’ Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1382–1387
- . Frequent nut intake and risk of death from coronary heart disease and all causes in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001;11:372–377
- . A possible protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. The Adventist Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1416–1424
- Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 1998;317:1341–1345
- . Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:911–919
- . Fatty acid profiles, tocopherol contents, and antioxidant activities of heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia Var. cordiformis) and Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:1164–1169
- . Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:603–607
- . Nuts and plasma lipids: an almond-based diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:285–290
- A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52:12–16
- . Effect of pistachio nuts on serum lipid levels in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:229–232
- . Pecans lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with normal lipid levels. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:312–318
- . Serum lipid effects of a high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1154–1158
- Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:538–546
- . A monounsaturated fatty acid-rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2001;131:2275–2279
- Dose response of almonds on coronary heart disease risk factors: blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and pulmonary nitric oxide: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Circulation. 2002;106:1327–1332
- . Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:72–79
- High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:1009–1015
- . Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:56–63
- . Does regular walnut consumption lead to weight gain?. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:859–864
- A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(21):2082–2090
- . The effects of nuts on coronary heart disease risk. Nutr Rev. 2001;59:103–111
- . Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:231–236
- . Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:830–839W147–W149
- . Monacolin K, a new hypocholesterolemic agent produced by a Monascus species. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1979;32:852–854
- . Efficacy and safety of Monascus purpureus Went rice in subjects with hyperlipidemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153:679–686
- . Efficacy of Monascus purpureus Went rice on lowering lipid ratios in hypercholesterolemic patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:438–440
- . Chinese red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) for primary hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chin Med. 2006;1:4
- Simvastatin vs therapeutic lifestyle changes and supplements: randomized primary prevention trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:758–764
- . Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA. 2003;289:1681–1690
- Halbert SC, French B, Gordon RY, et al. Tolerability of red yeast rice (2,400 mg twice daily) versus pravastatin (20 mg twice daily) in patients with previous statin intolerance. Am J Cardiol;105:198–204.
- Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1689–1693
- . Letter to Sonia Rodriguez, Mason Vitamins. May 5 2001. US department of health and human services website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Jun01/061101/let0494.pdfAccessed July 7, 2010
- . An analysis of nine proprietary Chinese red yeast rice dietary supplements: implications of variability in chemical profile and contents. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7:133–139
- . A ‘natural’ threat. Am J Med. 2007;120:e3–e4
- Myopathies associated with red yeast rice and liquorice: spontaneous reports from the Italian Surveillance System of Natural Health Products. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66:572–574
- . Symptomatic myopathy due to red yeast rice. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:474–475
- . Rhabdomyolysis due to red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2002;74:1200–1201
- . Symptomatic hepatitis associated with the use of herbal red yeast rice. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:516–517
- . Biologically active components and nutraceuticals in the Monascus-fermented rice: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;77:965–973
- ConsumerLab.com Product Review: Red Yeast Rice Supplements. Available at: http://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/Red_Yeast_Rice_Supplements-Lovastatin_Monacolin/Red_Yeast_Rice/Accessed July 7, 2010
- . Policosanol: a new treatment for cardiovascular disease?. Altern Med Rev. 2002;7:203–217
- . Effects of a policosanol supplement on serum lipid concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J Nutr. 2006;95:968–975
- Effects of successive dose increases of policosanol on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia and tolerability to treatment. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994;14:27–33
- . Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in NIDDM with policosanol. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:393–397
- Effects of policosanol on postmenopausal women with type II hypercholesterolemia. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2000;14:187–195
- . Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol and lovastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1999;19:117–127
- Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in elderly patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs Aging. 2003;20:153–163
- . A long-term study of policosanol in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Angiology. 2001;52:115–125
- . Effect of policosanol on hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease in middle-aged patients. A 14-month pilot study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;34:134–137
- Wheat germ policosanol failed to lower plasma cholesterol in subjects with normal to mildly elevated cholesterol concentrations. Metabolism. 2004;53:1309–1314
- . Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295:2262–2269
- . Policosanol is ineffective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:1543–1548
- . Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2001;131:1000S–1005S
- . Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. J Nutr. 2001;131:989S–993S
- . Garlic reduces dementia and heart-disease risk. J Nutr. 2006;136:810S–812S
- . Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparations. In: Koch H, Lawson LD editor. Garlic—The Science and Therapeutic application of Allium Sativum Land-Related Species. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996;
- . Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:599–605
- . Garlic as a lipid lowering agent—a meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1994;28:39–45
- . Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:420–429
- Effect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:346–353
- . Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1900–1902
- . The effect of a garlic preparation on plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154:213–220
- Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1189–1194
- . Garlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:321–326
- . Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): a review. Pharmatherapeutica. 1987;5:83–89
- . Gum guggul (Commiphora mukul)—the success story of an ancient insight leading to a modern discovery. Indian J Med Res. 1988;87:327–335
- . Cholesterol lowering activity of the various fractions of the guggal. Indian J Exp Biol. 1973;11:395–396
- A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR. Science. 2002;296:1703–1706
- Clinical trial of ethyl acetate extract of gum gugulu (gugulipid) in primary hyperlipidemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1986;34:249–251
- Clinical trial of gugulipid—a new hypolipidemic agent of plant origin in primary hyperlipidemia. Indian J Med Res. 1986;84:626–634
- Guggulipid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:765–772
- Us-Fda. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA final rule for food labelling: Health claims: Soy protein and coronary heart disease (federal register 64 57699–57733). 1999. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/HealthClaimsMeetingSignificantScientificAgreementSSA/ucm074740.htm. Accessed July 7, 2010.
- Us-Fda. United states Food and Drug Administration. FDA final rule for food labelling: Health claims: Nuts and heart disease (federal register docket no. 02P-0505). 2003. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/QualifiedHealthClaims/ucm073992.htm#nuts. Accessed July 7, 2010.
- . The effect of a plant-based diet on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:725–733
- Effect of a low glycemic index diet with soy protein and phytosterols on CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. Nutrition. 2006;22:104–113
- Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA. 2003;290:502–510
- Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:582–591
- Long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:262–268
PII: S1933-2874(10)00231-X
doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.07.001
© 2010 National Lipid Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Volume 4, Issue 4
, Pages 248-258
, July 2010
