Highlights
- •Direct LDL-C assay in children aged 2-6 years can be obtained in routine check-ups.
- •Family history for FH or premature CVD is not a reliable predictor in preschoolers.
- •On a population level positive family history is associated with higher LDL-C.
Background
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Abbreviations:
ALDL (automated low density lipoprotein), BMI (body mass index), CVD (cardiovascular disease), FH (familial hypercholesterolemia), IQR (interquartile range), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), Lp(a) (lipoprotein(a)), TC (total cholesterol)Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of Clinical LipidologyReferences
- Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: Guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease.Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 3478-3490https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht273
- Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement fromthe European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel.Eur Heart J. 2017; 38: 2459-2472https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144
- A review on the diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia.Atherosclerosis. 2003; 168: 1-14https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00330-1
- Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia among the general population and patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation. 2020; 141: 1742-1759https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044795
- Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands. Prevalence, genotype-phenotype relationship, and clinical outcome.European Heart J. 2015; 36: 560-565https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu058
- Child-parent screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia: screening strategy based on a meta-analysis.BMJ. 2007; 335: 599https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39300.616076.55
- European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment.Eur Heart J. 2015; 36: 2425-2437https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157
- S2k guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents.AWMF Registry. 2015; : 027-068
- Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC).Atherosclerosis. 2018; 277: 234-255https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.051
- Universal screening for familial hypercholesterolemia in children: the Slovenian model and literature review.Atherosclerosis. 2018; 277: 383-391https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.858
- The time is now: Achieving FH paediatric screening across Europe - The Prague Declaration.GMS Health Innov Technol. 2022; 16 (PMID: 36311985; PMCID: PMC9583732): Doc04https://doi.org/10.3205/hta000136
- New approach for detection of LDL-hypercholesterolemia in the pediatric population: the Fr1dolin-Trial in Lower Saxony, Germany.Atherosclerosis. 2019; 280: 85-91https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.011
- Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge.Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499-502https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
- Pediatric lipid reference values in the general population: The Dutch lifelines cohort study.J Clin Lipidol. 2018; 12: 1208-1216https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2018.05.011
- Body mass index percentiles for children and adolescents in Germany based on a nationally representative sample (KiGGS 2003-2006).Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64: 341-349https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.8
- IDEFICS consortium. Blood lipids among young children in Europe: results from the European IDEFICS study.Int J Obes. 2014; 38 (S67-75)https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.137
- KiGGS Cohort Research Team. Cohort profile: KiGGS cohort longitudinal study on the health of children, adolescents and young adults in Germany.Int J Epidemiol. 2020; 49 (375-375k)https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz231
- Management of cardiovascular diseases in patients with obesity.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018; 15: 45-56https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.108
- Reaching detection targets in familial hypercholesterolaemia: comparison of identification strategies.Atherosclerosis. 2020; 293: 57-61
Article info
Publication history
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest Disclosures (includes financial disclosures): The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.
Funding/Support: The Fr1dolin study has been supported by a grant of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (2-SRA-2016-243-Q-R), the Liona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust and Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH as well as from the non-profit associations ‘Freunde AUF DER BULT e.V.’ and ‘Kind und Diabetes e.V.
Role of Funder/Sponsor (if any): The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, The Liona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust and Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH had no role in the design and conduct of the study. ‘Freunde AUF DER BULT e.V.’ and ‘Kind und Diabetes e.V.’ supported the publication of educational material.
Clinical Trial Registration (if any): ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02750527, H-Fr1dolin-01, Pediatric Population Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Lower Saxony, Germany (Fr1dolin), Data sharing after request to [email protected]
Contributors’ Statement Page
Prof Kordonouri conceptualized and designed the study, carried out the initial analyses, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript.
Dr Arens and Mrs Marquardt designed the data collection instruments, collected data, and reviewed and revised the manuscript.
Dr Christoph developed and supervised the LDL-C measurement method, collected data and reviewed and critically revised the manuscript.
Prof Lange designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, supervised the statistical analyses and reviewed and critically revised the manuscript.
Prof Danne conceptualized and designed the study, supervised data collection, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content and finally approved the version to be published.
All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
